Analysis of Medicine Prices in New Zealand and 16 European Countries

ObjectiveTo compare prices of medicines, both originators and generics, in New Zealand and 16 European countries.MethodsEx-factory price data as of December 2012 from New Zealand and 16 European countries were compared for a basket of 14 medicines, most of which were at least partially funded by the state in the 17 countries. Five medicines had, at least in some countries, generic versions on the market whose prices were also analyzed. Medicine price data for the 16 European countries were provided by the Pharma Price Information service. New Zealand medicine prices were retrieved from the New Zealand Pharmaceutical Schedule. Unit prices converted into euro were compared at the ex-factory price level.ResultsFor the 14 medicines surveyed, considerable price differences at the ex-factory price level were identified. Within the European countries, prices in Greece, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and Spain ranked at the lower end, whereas prices in Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden were at the upper end. The results for New Zealand compared with Europe were variable. New Zealand prices were found in the lowest quartile for five medicines and in the highest quartile for seven other products. Price differences between the originator products and generic versions ranged from 0% to 90% depending on the medicine and the country.ConclusionsMedicine prices varied considerably between European countries and New Zealand as well as among the European countries. These differences are likely to result from national pricing and reimbursement policies.     

Extensively Drug-Resistant New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase–Encoding Bacteria in the Environment,Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012

Carriage of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase variant 1 (NDM-1) enables drug resistance to move between communities and hospitals. In Bangladesh, we found the bla_NDM-1 gene in 62% of environmental waters and in fermentative and nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 101 was most commonly found, reflecting a common global relationship between ST101 and NDM-1.     

HPLC法测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、没食子酸的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、没食子酸的方法。方法采用 Phenomenex Luan C18柱（250mm ×4．6mm,5μm）色谱柱,以0．1％磷酸溶液－乙腈（80∶20）为流动相,流速为1．0mL? min －1,检测波长为210nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚在38．02～380．25μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系（r＝0．9998）,平均回收率为99．92％,RSD为0．28％（n＝9）;咖啡因在3．838～38．375μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系（ r＝0．9999）,平均回收率为99．67％, RSD 为0．18％（ n ＝9）;没食子酸在1．08～10．8μg 范围内,呈良好的线性关系,（ r ＝0．9999）,平均回收率为98．34％,RSD为0．60％（n＝9）。结论本方法准确、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

北京市新农合大病保险实施效果分析与评价

目的:测算分析北京市新农合大病保险对患者疾病经济负担的减轻作用,对制度实施效果进行评价。方法:按照经济发展水平和大病保险承办方式选取北京市三个区县,再从中选择大病患者较多的2~3个乡镇。通过与大病保险管理者进行访谈,了解其运行现状;对样本乡镇全部大病患者进行问卷调查了解患者主观感受,收到有效问卷497份。利用新农合管理中心信息平台测算患者疾病经济负担。对定量和定性资料分别采用统计分析与主题框架法进行分析。结果:经大病保险报销,三个区县大病患者平均自付费用明显减轻,实际补偿比均有不同程度的提高,但灾难性卫生支出情况无显著改善。结论:应通过提高大病保险起付线与报销比例,拓宽报销目录等举措提高其补偿水平,重点缓解极重患者疾病经济负担。     

Balancing Sodium and Potassium: Estimates of Intake in a New Zealand Adult Population Sample

Dietary intakes of sodium and potassium are important determinants of blood pressure. We assessed sodium and potassium intake in a cross-sectional survey which included a random sample of New Zealand Adults aged 18 to 64 years from two New Zealand cities: Dunedin and Wellington. Participants completed a short questionnaire, had height, weight and blood pressure measured, and collected a 24 h urine sample. Mean 24 h sodium excretion was 3386 mg/day (95% CI 3221, 3551): 3865 mg/day for men and for 2934 mg/day women. Mean 24 h potassium excretion was 2738 mg/day (95% CI 2623, 2855): 3031 mg/day for men and 2436 mg/day for women. Mean sodium:potassium ratio was 1.32 (95% CI 1.26, 1.39); 1.39 for men and 1.26 for women. Sodium intake was higher among younger people, men, those with a higher BMI and higher potassium excretion. Potassium excretion was higher among older people, men and those with a higher sodium excretion. New Zealand adults have high sodium intakes and low potassium intakes compared to recommended levels. This is likely to adversely affect population blood pressure levels as well as incidence of cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive public health programme to reduce dietary sodium intake and increase intake of fruit and vegetables is warranted.     

对新护士进行积极心理健康知识培训的效果研究

目的：探讨对新护士进行积极心理健康(PMH)知识培训的效果。方法选择本院2014年7~9月新入职的26名护士,对其进行PMH知识培训,于培训前后采用幸福进取者问卷(HEIQ)和护生职业认同调查问卷(NSPIQ)评价培训效果。结果培训前,新护士HEIQ、NSPIQ评分的总分为(3.48±0.41)、(101.43±12.85)分,培训后分别为(4.21±0.58)、(127.05±15.16)分,培训前后比较,差异有统计学意义(t=5.24、6.57,P<0.01)。结论对新护士进行PMH知识培训能够提高其职业认同感。     

New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-Mediated Carbapenem Resistance: Origin,Diagnosis, Treatment and Public Health Concern

Objective:To review the origin,diagnosis,treatment and public health concern of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing bacteria.Data Sources:We searched database for studies published in English...     

主动脉瓣关闭不全法建立新西兰兔心衰模型

目的 用主动脉瓣关闭不全法致新西兰兔心衰模型。方法 运用导管术造成新西兰兔主动脉瓣膜关闭不全, 制作超容量负荷型心衰模型。观察动物的毛色、精神状态、活动情况、饲料消耗指数、体重增加指数、呼吸频率等指标对该模型进行评价;检测血清SOD活力和MDA含量, 判断模型组动物机体抗氧化能力;利用酶联免疫法检测血清中cAMP、cGMP的变化情况;利用基因芯片技术分析该模型基因表达差异。结果 模型动物SBP、DBP和LVSP著性下降, LV+dp/dt和LV±dp/dt明显下降, LVDP显著上升。模型组与正常组比较, 毛发枯槁, 活动减少, 进食减少, 反应迟钝, 精神萎靡, 抓起时反抗减轻。模型组呼吸频率加快;模型组血清SOD活性低于正常组, MDA含量高于正常组;模型组血清cAMP明显低于正常组, cGMP明显高于正常组;利用基因芯片共检测出665个差异基因, 其中与心功能较密切相关的基因主要与离子通道、肌收缩、信号转导等功能有关。结论 采用主动脉瓣关闭不全法建立兔心衰模型方法可靠。主动脉关闭不全, 使心脏前负荷增加, 造成左心室舒张末期容积增加, 导致左心室扩大肥厚及心力衰竭。心肌组织基因芯片检测结果显示, 该模型基因表达出现了一定的变化。